Well Completion Equipment And Services Critical for Oil and Gas Production

Well Completion Operations

One of the most important stages of the oil and gas well development process is well completion. After drilling is completed and the borehole has been made, well completion activities need to be carried out to prepare the well for production. Some of the key activities involved in well completion operations include running and cementing casing, perforating the formation, gravel packing, installing sand control and production equipment. Specialized well completion equipment and services are required to safely and efficiently carry out all these downstream activities.

Casing and Cementing

Once drilling is completed, production casing needs to be run into the Well Completion Equipment and Services in place. This involves using casing pipes of varying diameters based on well depth and pressures. The casing provides protection to the wellbore from collapse and prevents contamination of underground reservoirs. Cementing is then carried out to seal the gap between the casing and borehole wall. Primary cementing helps in zonal isolation and ensures proper casing integrity. Various cementing equipment like cementing manifolds, cement pumps and blowout preventers are used during this process. Cementing services also involve quality testing and evaluation to ensure longevity of the well.

Perforating Operations

After cement has set, perforations need to be made in the production casing and cement sheath to access the hydrocarbon bearing formation. This is done using wireline conveyed perforating guns. Different types of shaped charge perforating systems are used based on the casing specification and formation characteristics. Advanced initiation systems ensure reliable and optimized perforation placement. Post-perforation evaluation is also carried out using advanced logging tools to confirm zone penetration and presence of formation damage.

Gravel Packing and Sand Control

For unconsolidated or weak formations, gravel packing is carried out to prevent formation sand from entering the production string. A sand control screen assembly is installed in the well and surrounded with specially sized gravel material. The gravel pack serves as a physical barrier to sand while allowing oil and gas to flow into the wellbore. Coiled tubing and slickline units are used to convey the gravel and other completion fluids into the well. Evaluation tools help in determining gravel pack quality.

Installation of Production Equipment

After formation access is established, permanent production equipment like tubing, packers and safety valves need to be installed. Tubing provides the conduit for produced fluids while packers isolate individual zones. Different completion strings are used for multiple zone completions. Packers are set using slickline or wireline conveyed setting tools. Pressure controlled equipment like subsurface safety valves prevent blowouts in the event of a tubing or casing failure.

Well Stimulation Services

Post completion well stimulation services may be required to enhance production from low permeability or depleted reservoirs. Techniques like hydraulic fracturing are used where high pressure frac fluids with proppants are pumped into the fracture stages to extend the conductive pathways. Acidizing is also carried out using acid to dissolve formation damage and increase near wellbore permeability. Coiled tubing units are integral for running various well intervention and stimulation tools into the well.

Production Logging and Testing

The final stages in well completion involve production logging to determine individual zone contributions and intervening fluid levels. Flow testing is performed by installing well testing equipment to determine flow parameters, drawdown and build up characteristics. Long term testing helps in optimizing artificial lift systems and deciding production facility requirements. Real-time data acquisition through downhole gauges and surface dataloggers provides valuable reservoir and flow insights.

Efficient well completion operations ensure timely hydrocarbon production connectivity and maximize asset value over the life of the field. Specialized wellsite equipment along with engineering and support services play a critical role in executing complex well completion programs safely, on budget and as per field development plans. Continuous innovation in technologies related to cementing, gravel packing, stimulation and intervention has significantly improved completion effectiveness and success rates over the years.

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